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Sources referenced: U.S. Food and Drug Administration, “Low Magnesium Levels Can Be Associated With Long-Term Use of Proton Pump Inhibitor Drugs” (Drug Safety Communication, March 2, 2011); National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements, “Magnesium – Fact Sheet for Health Professionals” (serum magnesium limitations and deficiency risk); Hess, M.W. et al., “Systematic Review: Hypomagnesaemia Induced by Proton Pump Inhibition”, Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 2012; Cundy, T. & Dissanayake, A., “Severe Hypomagnesaemia in Long-Term Users of Proton-Pump Inhibitors”, Clinical Endocrinology, 2008; Firoz, M. & Graber, M., “Bioavailability of US Commercial Magnesium Preparations”, Magnesium Research, 2001 (oxide vs citrate absorption); Walker, A.F. et al., “Mg Citrate Found More Bioavailable Than Other Magnesium Preparations in a Randomised, Double-Blind Study”, Magnesium Research, 2003; Ranade, V.V. & Somberg, J.C., “Bioavailability and Pharmacokinetics of Magnesium After Administration of Magnesium Salts to Humans”, American Journal of Therapeutics, 2001; Mayo Clinic consumer health guidance on magnesium forms and magnesium depletion risk in long-term PPI users; American College of Gastroenterology guidance on proton pump inhibitor management and rebound acid hypersecretion; FDA-approved prescribing information and safety labeling for proton pump inhibitors (omeprazole, esomeprazole, pantoprazole, lansoprazole) regarding hypomagnesemia risk.

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